Jake McCluskeyStand Your Watch

Revelation · 728 allusions · 31 books

John’s Old Testament

Revelation never once says as it is written. It quotes nothing and alludes constantly. This walks the book front to back and names what John is reaching for at each point, with a confidence tier on every line, because the disagreement about how many allusions exist is really a disagreement about where to stop counting.

How to read this

ANear-quotation219 rows

The Greek tracks the Septuagint, or a known Hebrew rendering, closely enough that the source is not in question. Revelation never writes “as it is written,” so this is verbal density rather than a citation formula.

BClear allusion341 rows

Distinctive shared imagery or phrasing that a competent first-century reader would have caught, but not quotation. The bulk of the book lives here.

CProbable echo168 rows

Thematic, general, and genuinely arguable. This is the tier where scholars part company, and where every disputed row sits.

A row’s tier is carried by ink weight as well as by the letter in the last column, so you can see how solid a stretch of the book is before you read a word of it. Rows marked (disputed) carry a live disagreement in the literature.

Published counts run from 394 in UBS3 to about 635 in NA26, and past 1,000 by the loosest criteria. Beale puts it at 278 of Revelation’s 404 verses containing an Old Testament reference. That spread is not a factual dispute. It is a definitional one, which is why there is a tier column here instead of a single number.

Drop tier C and this table reads 560, which is where most published figures sit. Keep only tier A and it reads 219, and almost nobody argues with those.

Wording was checked against the NASB 1995. Where a link is visible only in the Greek and not in an English translation, the note says so. Rev 20:11 is the clearest case: Theodotion’s Daniel 2:35 reads word for word with Revelation, while the NASB renders the Aramaic “not a trace of them was found.”

Two structural notes worth more than any single row. Revelation 21:9 through 22:5 follows Ezekiel 40 to 48 in sequence, not as scattered imagery: the high mountain, the man with the measuring rod, the gates named for the tribes, the glory filling the house, the exclusion of the unclean, the river from the sanctuary, and the city’s name.

And Revelation 13 collapses Daniel 7’s four sequential beasts into one. That fusion is itself the interpretive act, which is why the whole chapter reads as one long argument with Daniel rather than a set of borrowings.

728Allusions
219Tier A
341Tier B
168Tier C
31OT books

Where John leans hardest · allusions per chapter

Most-used sources

Isa 148Dan 115Ezek 108Ps 70Exod 61Jer 55Gen 25Zech 24Deut 20Joel 161 Kgs 10Lev 9
728 rows
RevOld TestamentShared elementTier
Revelation 139 allusions
1:1Dan 2:28-29what must take place (ha dei genesthai)A
1:1Dan 2:45God signified/made known what will beA
1:3Dan 7:22the appointed time has come nearC
1:4Exod 3:14"the one who is" (ho on), LXX divine nameB
1:4Isa 41:4"I am He," first and with the lastC
1:4Zech 4:2, 10seven lamps, seven eyes of the LORDB
1:4Isa 11:2sevenfold Spirit in LXX (disputed)C
1:5Ps 89:37the faithful witnessB
1:5Ps 89:27firstborn, highest of the kings of the earthA
1:6Exod 19:6a kingdom of priests to GodA
1:6Isa 61:6you will be called priests of the LORDC
1:7Dan 7:13behold, He is coming with the cloudsA
1:7Zech 12:10-12look on Him whom they pierced, tribes mournA
1:8Isa 44:6I am the first and the lastB
1:8Amos 4:13LXX title "Lord God Almighty" (pantokrator)B
1:9Dan 7:21-22war on the saints, kingdom, enduranceC
1:10Exod 19:16loud voice like a trumpet blastB
1:10Ezek 3:12Spirit takes prophet, voice from behindC
1:11Isa 30:8write it on a scroll for laterC
1:12Exod 25:31, 37golden lampstand with seven lampsB
1:12Zech 4:2lampstand all of gold, seven lampsB
1:13Dan 7:13one like a son of manA
1:13Dan 10:5long linen robe, waist girded with goldA
1:13Exod 28:4priestly ankle-length robe (LXX poderes)B
1:14Dan 7:9head and hair white as wool and snowA
1:14Dan 10:6eyes like flaming torchesA
1:15Dan 10:6feet like gleaming polished bronzeA
1:15Ezek 1:7feet sparkling like burnished bronzeB
1:15Ezek 43:2voice like the sound of many watersA
1:15Ezek 1:24wings sounding like abundant watersB
1:16Isa 49:2mouth made like a sharp swordB
1:16Isa 11:4strikes with the rod of His mouthB
1:16Judg 5:31like the sun rising in its mightB
1:17Dan 8:17-18seer falls prostrate, then is raisedB
1:17Dan 10:9-12hand touches him, "do not be afraid"B
1:17Isa 48:12I am the first, I am also the lastA
1:18Job 38:17the gates of deathC
1:19Dan 2:29what will take place after these thingsB
1:20Dan 12:3the wise shine like stars (disputed)C
Revelation 223 allusions
2:1Lev 26:12God walking among His peopleC
2:7Ezek 3:27he who hears, let him hearC
2:7Gen 2:9tree of life in the garden (LXX paradeisos)A
2:7Gen 3:22-24barred access to the tree of life reversedB
2:7Ezek 28:13Eden, the garden of GodC
2:10Dan 1:12, 14tested for ten daysB
2:12Isa 49:2sharp sword from the mouthB
2:14Num 25:1-3idol food and immorality at PeorA
2:14Num 31:16Balaam's counsel made Israel trespassA
2:16Isa 11:4war waged by the sword of His mouthB
2:17Exod 16:32-34jar of manna kept before the LORDB
2:17Ps 78:24manna, food from heaven givenC
2:17Isa 62:2called by a new nameB
2:17Isa 65:15servants called by another nameC
2:18Dan 10:6eyes of fire, feet of burnished bronzeA
2:201 Kgs 16:31Jezebel who drew Israel to idolatryB
2:202 Kgs 9:22harlotries and witchcrafts of JezebelA
2:23Jer 17:10searches heart and mind, repays each deedA
2:23Ps 62:12repays a man according to his workC
2:23Ezek 6:7"then they will know that I am" formulaC
2:26Ps 2:8the nations given as inheritanceA
2:27Ps 2:9rule with iron rod, potter's vessels shatteredA
2:28Num 24:17a star comes forth from Jacob (disputed)C
Revelation 324 allusions
3:4Zech 3:3-5filthy garments exchanged for clean robesB
3:5Exod 32:32-33blotted out of My bookA
3:5Ps 69:28blotted out of the book of lifeB
3:5Dan 12:1everyone found written in the bookB
3:7Isa 22:22key of David, opens and shuts irreversiblyA
3:9Isa 60:14afflicters bow at the soles of your feetA
3:9Isa 49:23kings bow with faces to the earthB
3:9Isa 43:4"I have loved you"B
3:9Isa 45:14nations come over and bow down to youC
3:10Dan 12:1a time of distress coming on allC
3:12Ezek 48:35the city receives a new nameB
3:12Isa 62:2a new name the LORD designatesB
3:12Isa 44:5writing the LORD's name on oneselfC
3:14Isa 65:16God of Amen / God of truthB
3:14Ps 89:37faithful witnessB
3:14Prov 8:22beginning of God's creating (LXX ektisen, disputed)C
3:16Lev 18:25, 28the land spews out its inhabitantsC
3:17Hos 12:8"I have become rich, I found wealth"B
3:18Isa 55:1come and buy without moneyC
3:18Isa 47:3nakedness uncovered, shame exposedB
3:18Ezek 16:36-37nakedness uncovered before onlookersC
3:19Prov 3:12whom the LORD loves He reprovesA
3:20Song 5:2the beloved knocking at the door (disputed)C
3:21Ps 110:1seated with the sovereign on His throneB
Revelation 433 allusions
4:1Ezek 1:1the heavens opened, visions of GodB
4:1Exod 19:16, 20trumpet voice summoning "come up"B
4:1Dan 2:29, 45what must take place after these thingsB
4:2Ezek 1:26-28throne with a human figure seated on itA
4:2Isa 6:1I saw the Lord sitting on a throneA
4:2Dan 7:9thrones set, the Ancient of Days seatedB
4:2Ezek 3:12, 14prophet carried "in the Spirit"B
4:3Ezek 1:28rainbow encircling the throne's gloryA
4:3Exod 28:17-20jasper and sardius among breastpiece stonesB
4:3Ezek 28:13array of precious stones on the figureC
4:3Gen 9:13-16the bow set in the cloudC
4:4Dan 7:9thrones were set up around GodB
4:4Isa 24:23God's glory before His eldersC
4:41 Chr 24:4-19twenty-four priestly divisions (disputed)C
4:5Exod 19:16thunder and lightning from the throne/mountainA
4:5Ezek 1:13fire, torches, lightning flashing outB
4:5Zech 4:2, 6, 10seven lamps as the Spirit / eyes of the LORDA
4:5Exod 25:37seven lamps burning before the LORDB
4:6Ezek 1:22expanse like the gleam of crystalA
4:6Exod 24:10pavement of sapphire, clear as the skyB
4:6Ezek 1:5, 18four living creatures, rims full of eyesA
4:7Ezek 1:10faces of lion, ox, man, eagleA
4:8Isa 6:2each having six wingsA
4:8Ezek 10:12full of eyes all aroundA
4:8Isa 6:3Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hostsA
4:8Amos 4:13LXX "Lord God Almighty" (pantokrator)B
4:8Exod 3:14who was and who is (ho on)B
4:9Dan 4:34praise to Him who lives foreverB
4:9Dan 12:7swore by Him who lives foreverC
4:11Ps 96:7-8ascribe glory and strength to the LORDB
4:11Ps 148:5He commanded and they were createdB
4:11Isa 40:26, 28the everlasting Creator who made allC
4:11Gen 1:1God created all thingsC
Revelation 518 allusions
5:1Ezek 2:9-10Scroll in outstretched hand, written front and backA
5:1Isa 29:11Sealed book no one is able to readB
5:1Dan 12:4Book sealed up until the end timeB
5:5Gen 49:9Lion of the tribe of Judah, none dares rouse himA
5:5Isa 11:1, 10Root of Jesse, messianic shoot and standardA
5:6Isa 53:7Lamb led silently to the slaughterB
5:6Exod 12:5-6Slain Passover lamb (disputed as the source)C
5:6Zech 4:10Seven eyes of the LORD ranging over all the earthA
5:8Ps 141:2Prayer counted as incense before GodB
5:9Ps 98:1"Sing to the LORD a new song"A
5:9Isa 42:10New song sung from the ends of the earthB
5:9Dan 7:14Peoples, nations and men of every languageB
5:9Exod 15:16The people whom You have purchasedC
5:10Exod 19:6A kingdom of priests to our GodA
5:10Isa 61:6Redeemed people called priests of the LORDC
5:11Dan 7:10Thousands of thousands, myriads of myriads at the throneA
5:121 Chr 29:11-12Ascription of power, riches, glory, might, honorB
5:13Exod 20:11Heaven, earth, sea and all that is in themC
Revelation 629 allusions
6:1Zech 6:1-8Four colored horse teams sent out over the earthB
6:2Zech 1:8-10White horse sent to patrol the earthB
6:2Ps 45:4-5Royal rider with bow riding out victoriously (disputed)C
6:4Zech 6:2Red horses of the first chariotB
6:4Ezek 38:21Every man's sword against his brotherC
6:5Zech 6:2Black horses of the second chariotB
6:5Ezek 4:16Bread by weight, water by measure, siege rationingB
6:6Lev 26:26Bread returned in rationed amounts, not satisfiedB
6:8Zech 6:3Fourth chariot's distinctively colored horsesB
6:8Ezek 14:21Four judgments: sword, famine, wild beasts, plagueA
6:8Jer 15:2-3Fourfold appointed dooms, sword and beasts devourB
6:8Lev 26:21-22Covenant curse: pestilence and beasts that bereaveC
6:9Lev 4:7Blood poured out at the base of the altarC
6:10Ps 79:10Avenging the blood of Your servants that was shedA
6:10Zech 1:12"How long, O Lord" cry after the horsemen visionA
6:10Deut 32:43God avenges the blood of His servantsB
6:12Joel 2:10Earth quakes, sun and moon go darkB
6:12Joel 2:31Sun turned to darkness, moon into bloodA
6:12Isa 50:3Heavens clothed in blackness, sackcloth their coveringB
6:13Isa 34:4Stars fall as figs wither and drop from the treeA
6:14Isa 34:4Sky rolled up like a scrollA
6:14Jer 4:24Mountains quaking, hills moving to and froC
6:14Nah 1:5Mountains quake and the earth is upheaved before HimC
6:15Isa 2:19-21Men hide in caves and clefts of the rocks from His terrorA
6:16Hos 10:8"Cover us" to the mountains, "Fall on us" to the hillsA
6:17Joel 2:11Great day of the LORD, "who can endure it?"A
6:17Mal 3:2"Who can stand when He appears?"B
6:17Nah 1:6"Who can stand before His indignation?"B
6:17Zeph 1:14-15The great day of the LORD, a day of wrathB
Revelation 720 allusions
7:1Ezek 7:2The end coming on the four corners of the landB
7:1Dan 7:2Four winds of heaven stirringB
7:1Jer 49:36Four winds from the four quarters of heavenC
7:3Ezek 9:4-6Mark on foreheads exempts the servants from the strikingA
7:4-8Num 1:20-43Tribe-by-tribe muster of the sons of IsraelC
7:9Gen 15:5Multitude no one can numberB
7:9Dan 7:14Nations, tribes, peoples and tonguesB
7:9Lev 23:40Palm branches held in festal rejoicing before GodB
7:10Ps 3:8Salvation belongs to the LORDB
7:121 Chr 29:11Doxology: blessing, glory, power, mightB
7:14Dan 12:10Many purged, purified and made white through tribulationB
7:14Gen 49:11Robes washed in blood (of grapes) (disputed)C
7:15Ezek 37:27God's dwelling place spread over His peopleB
7:15Ps 134:1Servants who serve by night in the house of the LORDC
7:16Isa 49:10"They will not hunger or thirst," no scorching sunA
7:16Ps 121:6The sun will not smite you by dayC
7:17Isa 49:10He will lead them and guide them to springs of waterA
7:17Ezek 34:23One shepherd set over them to feed the flockB
7:17Ps 23:1-2Shepherd leading his flock beside watersC
7:17Isa 25:8God wipes tears away from all facesA
Revelation 823 allusions
8:1Zeph 1:7Silence before the Lord GOD as judgment day nearsB
8:1Hab 2:20All the earth silent before Him in His templeC
8:1Zech 2:13"Be silent, all flesh, before the LORD"C
8:3Exod 30:1-8Golden altar of incense standing before the PresenceB
8:3Lev 16:12-13Censer of altar coals with incense before GodB
8:4Ps 141:2Incense rising as the prayer of the saintsB
8:5Ezek 10:2Coals of fire from before God scattered over the cityA
8:5Exod 19:16-18Thunder, lightning and quaking at the theophanyB
8:7Exod 9:23-25Hail and fire striking trees and every plantA
8:7Ezek 38:22Hailstones, fire and brimstone rained downB
8:7Ezek 5:2, 12Judgment portioned out in thirdsB
8:8Jer 51:25Destroying mountain rolled down, made a burnt out mountainB
8:8Exod 7:20Water struck and turned to bloodA
8:9Exod 7:21The fish in the water diedA
8:10Isa 14:12Star fallen from heavenB
8:11Jer 9:15Fed with wormwood and given poisoned waterA
8:11Jer 23:15Wormwood and poisoned water to drinkB
8:11Exod 15:23Waters made bitter and undrinkableB
8:12Exod 10:21-23Plague of darkness over the landA
8:12Isa 13:10Sun dark, moon and stars withholding their lightA
8:12Amos 8:9Sun goes down at noon, earth darkened in daylightC
8:13Hos 8:1Trumpet and eagle over the land announcing judgment (disputed)C
8:13Deut 28:49Nation swooping down like an eagle in covenant curseC
Revelation 933 allusions
9:1Isa 14:12Star fallen from heaven to the earthB
9:2Exod 19:18Smoke ascended like the smoke of a furnaceA
9:2Gen 19:28Smoke of the land ascending like a furnaceB
9:2Exod 10:15Locust swarm darkening the landB
9:3Exod 10:12-15Locusts come up over the whole landA
9:3Joel 1:4Successive devouring locust swarmsA
9:4Ezek 9:4-6Those sealed on the forehead are passed overA
9:6Job 3:21Those who long for death but do not find itB
9:6Jer 8:3Death preferred over life by survivorsB
9:7Joel 2:4Locusts look like horses, run like war horsesA
9:7Nah 3:17Crowned/marshaled locusts as an army (disputed)C
9:8Joel 1:6Teeth of a lion, fangs of a lionessA
9:9Joel 2:5Noise as of chariots leaping over the topsA
9:9Joel 2:7-8Locusts running in ranks like mighty men, unbrokenB
9:11Job 26:6Abaddon paired with Sheol as the realm of destructionB
9:11Prov 15:11Sheol and Abaddon lie open before the LORDC
9:13Exod 30:1-3Horns of the golden altar of incenseB
9:14Jer 46:10Slaughter of the LORD by the river EuphratesB
9:14Isa 8:7-8Invading flood from the great River overwhelming the landC
9:15Ezek 5:12A third of the people killed by plague and swordB
9:16Dan 7:10Myriads of myriads counted as an armyC
9:17Isa 5:28-29Invading cavalry whose roaring is like a lion'sC
9:17Gen 19:24Fire and brimstone rained from heavenB
9:18Isa 30:33Breath of the LORD like a torrent of brimstoneB
9:18Ezek 38:22Fire and brimstone poured on the invading hordeB
9:19Isa 9:15The tail as the destructive deceiver (disputed)C
9:20Ps 115:4-7Idols, work of men's hands, cannot see, hear, walkA
9:20Dan 5:23Gods of silver, gold, bronze, wood, stone that do not see or hearA
9:20Ps 135:15-17Idols of silver and gold, mouths and eyes that do nothingB
9:20Deut 32:17Sacrificing to demons who were not GodB
9:20Ps 106:37Sacrifices offered to demonsC
9:21Exod 20:13-15Murder, immorality, theft in Decalogue sequenceC
9:21Jer 7:9Catalogue of theft, murder, adultery beside false worshipC
Revelation 1028 allusions
10:1Ezek 1:26-28rainbow radiance surrounding the divine gloryB
10:1Dan 10:5-6angelic figure, face and limbs blazingB
10:1Exod 13:21-22pillar of cloud and pillar of fireB
10:1Ps 104:3clouds as God's covering and chariotC
10:2Ezek 2:9-10open scroll extended in the handB
10:2Dan 12:5-7heavenly figure stationed over the watersC
10:3Amos 3:8"A lion has roared! Who will not fear?"C
10:3Hos 11:10the LORD roars like a lionC
10:3Jer 25:30the LORD roars against earth's inhabitantsC
10:3Ps 29:3-9sevenfold thunderous voice over the watersB
10:4Dan 12:4, 9seal up the words, conceal the bookA
10:4Dan 8:26keep the vision secretC
10:5Dan 12:7hand lifted to heaven, oath by the EternalA
10:6Deut 32:40"I lift up My hand to heaven... I live forever"A
10:6Exod 20:11made heaven, earth, sea and all in themB
10:6Neh 9:6You made heaven, earth, seas and all in themB
10:6Ezek 12:25, 28"None of My words will be delayed any longer"B
10:6Hab 2:3the appointed vision will not delayC
10:7Amos 3:7revealed "to His servants the prophets"B
10:7Dan 2:28-29, 47God who discloses the mysteryC
10:9Ezek 2:8-3:3"take it and eat it," prophet eats scrollA
10:9Jer 15:16"Your words were found and I ate them"C
10:10Ezek 3:3in my mouth sweet as honeyA
10:10Ezek 3:14prophet embittered after receiving the wordB
10:10Ps 119:103God's words sweeter than honeyC
10:11Ezek 3:4-11recommission to prophesy to a peopleB
10:11Jer 1:10prophet appointed over nations and kingdomsC
10:11Dan 7:14peoples, nations, men of every languageC
Revelation 1145 allusions
11:1Ezek 40:3-5man with measuring rod measures the templeB
11:1Zech 2:1-5measuring line applied to the cityB
11:2Ezek 40:17-20outer court distinguished from sanctuaryC
11:2Dan 8:13sanctuary and host trampled underfootB
11:2Isa 63:18adversaries have trodden down the sanctuaryC
11:2Ps 79:1nations defile God's holy templeC
11:2Dan 7:25forty-two months equals time, times, half a timeA
11:2Dan 12:7same three-and-a-half-year span of oppressionB
11:3Dan 7:251,260 days equals three and a half yearsA
11:3Dan 12:11-12fixed day-count for the crisisC
11:3Deut 19:15testimony established by two witnessesC
11:3Isa 20:2prophet wearing sackclothC
11:4Zech 4:2-3, 11-14two olive trees, lampstand, "Lord of the whole earth"A
11:5Jer 5:14God's words made fire in the prophet's mouthA
11:52 Kgs 1:10-12fire consumes those sent against ElijahB
11:5Num 16:35fire devours opponents of God's servantC
11:61 Kgs 17:1prophet shuts the sky, no rainB
11:6Exod 7:17-20waters turned to bloodB
11:61 Sam 4:8struck Egypt with all kinds of plaguesC
11:7Dan 7:3beast coming up out of sea/abyssB
11:7Dan 7:21"waging war with the saints and overpowering them"A
11:8Isa 1:9-10Jerusalem addressed as SodomB
11:8Ezek 16:46-49Jerusalem's sister is SodomC
11:9Ps 79:2-3corpses of God's servants left unburiedB
11:9Dan 3:4, 7peoples, tribes, tongues, nations formulaC
11:11Ezek 37:5, 10breath entered them, they stood on their feetA
11:122 Kgs 2:11prophet taken up to heavenB
11:13Ezek 38:19-20great earthquake at God's comingC
11:131 Kgs 19:18seven thousand, remnant reversed to slain (disputed)C
11:13Dan 2:18-19title "the God of heaven"C
11:15Dan 7:14everlasting dominion given to God's kingB
11:15Dan 2:44God's kingdom replaces world kingdoms foreverB
11:15Ps 2:2"our Lord and His Christ (Anointed)"A
11:15Exod 15:18"The LORD shall reign forever and ever"B
11:15Zech 14:9the LORD king over all the earthC
11:17Amos 4:13"Lord God, the Almighty" (LXX pantokrator)B
11:17Ps 93:1; 99:1"The LORD reigns," clothed with strengthB
11:18Ps 2:1, 5the nations raged, then God's wrath cameB
11:18Dan 7:9-10, 22court sits, judgment rendered for the saintsB
11:18Ps 115:13those who fear God, "the small and the great"A
11:18Isa 40:10; 62:11"His reward is with Him"C
11:18Jer 51:25destroying the destroyer of the earthC
11:191 Kgs 8:1-9ark of the covenant in the inner sanctuaryB
11:19Exod 19:16-19thunder, lightning, quaking mountain at SinaiB
11:19Exod 9:23-25plague of hailB
Revelation 1241 allusions
12:1Gen 37:9sun, moon and stars bowing in a dreamB
12:1Isa 54:1, 5-6Zion as God's espoused, childbearing womanC
12:2Isa 26:17pregnant woman writhes and cries outB
12:2Mic 4:9-10daughter of Zion in labor painsB
12:2Isa 66:7-8Zion travails and brings forthB
12:3Dan 7:7beast having ten hornsA
12:3Isa 27:1"the dragon who lives in the sea"B
12:3Ps 74:13-14many-headed sea monster, heads crushedB
12:3Ezek 29:3Pharaoh as the great monster in the watersC
12:4Dan 8:10stars of heaven cast down to the earthB
12:4Jer 51:34the monster swallows God's peopleC
12:5Ps 2:9rule nations with a rod of iron (LXX "shepherd")A
12:5Isa 66:7"she gave birth to a boy"B
12:5Ps 110:1son enthroned with God (disputed)C
12:6Dan 7:251,260 days of persecutionA
12:6Hos 2:14-15God brings the woman into the wildernessC
12:61 Kgs 17:2-6God feeds His own in the wildernessC
12:7Dan 10:13, 21Michael fights the hostile angelic princeB
12:7Dan 12:1Michael arises to defend God's peopleB
12:8Dan 2:35no place found for them (disputed)C
12:9Gen 3:1, 14"the serpent of old," Eden's serpent identifiedA
12:9Gen 3:13"the serpent deceived me"B
12:9Zech 3:1-2Satan standing to accuse, then rebukedB
12:9Isa 14:12fallen from heaven, cut down to earth (disputed)C
12:9Ezek 28:16-17cast to the ground from the holy mount (disputed)C
12:10Job 1:9-11; 2:4-5Satan accusing a saint before GodB
12:10Dan 7:14, 27kingdom and authority given to God's kingB
12:10Ps 2:2"the authority of His Christ (Anointed)"B
12:11Exod 12:7, 13lamb's blood as the means of deliveranceC
12:12Isa 44:23; 49:13"Shout for joy, O heavens"B
12:12Ps 96:11let the heavens be glad, the earth rejoiceC
12:14Dan 7:25"a time and times and half a time"A
12:14Dan 12:7same three-and-a-half-time formulaB
12:14Exod 19:4"I bore you on eagles' wings"B
12:14Deut 32:11eagle bearing its young in the wildernessB
12:15Ps 124:4the flood/torrent would have swept us awayC
12:15Isa 43:2passing through rivers without being overwhelmedC
12:16Num 16:30-32"the earth opened its mouth and swallowed"B
12:16Exod 15:12the earth swallowed the pursuersC
12:17Gen 3:15enmity between the serpent and her seedB
12:17Dan 7:21war waged against the holy onesB
Revelation 1342 allusions
13:1Dan 7:2-3beast coming up out of the seaA
13:1Dan 7:7ten horns on the fourth beastA
13:1Dan 7:8, 20boastful, blasphemous mouth and namesB
13:2Dan 7:4-6leopard, bear, lion fused into one beastA
13:2Dan 7:6dominion "was given" to the beastB
13:4Exod 15:11"Who is like You?" acclamation parodiedB
13:4Dan 7:21none able to wage war against himC
13:5Dan 7:8"a mouth uttering great boasts"A
13:5Dan 7:25authority granted for a fixed limited periodA
13:5Dan 7:11, 20the horn's boastful speakingB
13:5Dan 11:36speaks monstrous things against GodB
13:5Dan 12:7, 11fixed span for the desolationC
13:6Dan 7:25"he will speak out against the Most High"A
13:6Dan 8:10-11assault on sanctuary and heavenly hostB
13:6Dan 11:31, 36sanctuary desecrated, self-exalting blasphemyB
13:7Dan 7:21"make war with the saints and overcome them"A
13:7Dan 7:14all peoples, nations, languages serve himA
13:7Dan 7:25wear down the saints of the Most HighB
13:7Dan 3:4, 7herald's roster of peoples and languagesC
13:8Dan 12:1everyone found written in the bookB
13:8Exod 32:32-33blotted out of God's bookB
13:8Ps 69:28blotted out of the book of lifeB
13:8Dan 3:5-7all peoples fall down and worshipB
13:9Ezek 3:27"He who hears, let him hear"B
13:10Jer 15:2destined for captivity, to captivity; sword, swordA
13:10Jer 43:11allotted to death, captivity, or the swordC
13:11Dan 7:17beasts as kings arising from the earthB
13:11Dan 8:3two-horned figure (disputed)C
13:11Gen 3:1-5serpent's deceptive speechC
13:131 Kgs 18:38fire falls from heaven authenticating a prophetB
13:132 Kgs 1:10-12fire called down from heaven to earthC
13:14Deut 13:1-5true sign from a prophet leading to false worshipB
13:14Dan 3:1-7image erected, all commanded to worshipB
13:15Dan 3:6, 15refusal to worship the image punished by deathB
13:15Ps 115:5-7; 135:15-17idols have mouths but cannot speakB
13:15Hab 2:18-19idol with no breath in it, told to speakB
13:16Deut 6:8sign on the hand, frontals on the foreheadB
13:16Exod 13:9, 16sign on hand and between the eyesB
13:16Ezek 9:4mark placed on foreheads to distinguishB
13:18Dan 12:10those who have insight will understandB
13:18Dan 11:33those with insight give understanding to manyC
13:181 Kgs 10:14666 talents of gold to Solomon (disputed)C
Revelation 1434 allusions
14:1Ps 2:6Messianic King stationed on Mount ZionB
14:1Joel 2:32Escaped remnant on Mount ZionB
14:1Isa 24:23LORD reigns on Mount Zion (disputed)C
14:1Ezek 9:4Mark on foreheads of the preservedB
14:1Exod 28:36-38Divine name worn on the foreheadC
14:2Ezek 43:2Voice like the sound of many watersB
14:2Ezek 1:24Wings/waters roar as divine voiceC
14:3Ps 98:1Sing to the LORD a new songB
14:3Isa 42:10New song sung by the redeemedB
14:4Deut 23:9-10Holy-war camp purity, abstentionC
14:41 Sam 21:4-5Soldiers kept from women, consecratedC
14:4Jer 2:3Israel, firstfruits of His harvestB
14:5Zeph 3:13No deceitful tongue found in their mouthsA
14:5Isa 53:9No deceit found in his mouthC
14:6Dan 3:4Peoples, nations and men of every languageB
14:7Exod 20:11Made heaven, earth, sea and watersB
14:7Ps 146:6Maker of heaven, earth, sea, all in themB
14:8Isa 21:9Fallen, fallen is BabylonA
14:8Jer 51:8Suddenly Babylon has fallen and been brokenB
14:8Jer 51:7Nations drunk on her wine, gone madA
14:8Dan 4:30Babylon the greatB
14:10Ps 75:8Cup in the LORD's hand, unmixed wine drainedA
14:10Jer 25:15Cup of the wine of wrath given to nationsB
14:10Isa 51:17Drinking the cup of His angerB
14:10Gen 19:24Torment by fire and brimstoneB
14:10Isa 34:9Land turned to burning pitch and brimstoneB
14:11Isa 34:10Smoke goes up forever, unquenched night and dayA
14:13Isa 57:1-2The righteous dead enter restC
14:14Dan 7:13One like a son of man on the cloudsA
14:15Joel 3:13Put in the sickle, the harvest is ripeA
14:18Joel 3:13Tread, the winepress is full, vats overflowA
14:19Isa 63:2-3Treading the winepress in wrath, blood-stainedB
14:19Lam 1:15Lord treads the virgin daughter as in a winepressB
14:20Joel 3:12Judgment in the valley outside the cityC
Revelation 1518 allusions
15:1Lev 26:21Sevenfold plagues for covenant rebellionB
15:2Exod 24:10Pavement clear as the sky beneath GodB
15:2Ezek 1:22Expanse gleaming like crystal aboveC
15:3Exod 15:1The song Moses sang at the seaA
15:3Deut 32:1-43Song of Moses, the servant of GodB
15:3Ps 111:2Great are the works of the LORDB
15:3Exod 15:11Awesome in praises, working wondersB
15:3Deut 32:4All His ways are just and trueB
15:3Jer 10:7King of the nations, who would not fear YouA
15:4Ps 86:9All nations shall come and worship before YouA
15:4Isa 66:23All mankind comes to bow before HimB
15:4Ps 98:2Righteous acts revealed to the nationsB
15:5Exod 38:21Tabernacle of the testimonyA
15:6Dan 10:5Clothed in linen, girded with a gold beltB
15:6Ezek 9:2Linen-clothed executors of judgmentC
15:8Exod 40:34-35Glory fills the tent, Moses cannot enterA
15:81 Kgs 8:10-11Cloud fills temple, priests cannot ministerA
15:8Isa 6:4Temple filling with smoke at God's presenceB
Revelation 1629 allusions
16:2Exod 9:9-11Boils and sores on the idolatersA
16:2Deut 28:35Incurable sore boils as covenant curseB
16:3Exod 7:20-21Water turned to blood, everything in it diesA
16:4Exod 7:19Rivers, streams and pools turned to bloodA
16:4Ps 78:44He turned their rivers to bloodB
16:5Ps 145:17The LORD is righteous in all His waysB
16:6Isa 49:26Oppressors made drunk with their own bloodB
16:6Ps 79:3They poured out the saints' blood like waterB
16:7Ps 19:9Judgments true and righteous altogetherA
16:9Amos 4:6-11Plagues sent, yet they did not return to HimB
16:10Exod 10:21-23Darkness over the oppressor's kingdomA
16:10Isa 8:21-22Anguish and darkness, cursing their God (disputed)C
16:12Jer 50:38Drought on Babylon's waters, dried upB
16:12Jer 51:36I will dry up her sea and her fountainB
16:12Isa 11:15-16River dried, a highway made for crossingB
16:12Isa 44:27-45:1Deep dried up, way opened for the eastern kingB
16:13Exod 8:2-6Plague of frogs swarming outA
16:14Zeph 3:8God gathers the nations for judgmentB
16:14Joel 3:2I will gather all the nationsB
16:14Zech 14:2Nations gathered to battle at JerusalemB
16:14Joel 2:11The day of the LORD, great and awesomeB
16:16Zech 12:11Mourning in the plain of MegiddoB
16:16Judg 5:19Kings warring at the waters of Megiddo (disputed)C
16:18Exod 19:16-18Lightning, thunder, quaking mountain theophanyB
16:18Dan 12:1Distress such as never occurred beforeB
16:19Jer 25:15Cup of the wine of wrath forced on BabylonB
16:20Ezek 38:20Mountains thrown down at His comingC
16:21Exod 9:22-25Plague of devastating hailA
16:21Ezek 38:22Hailstones rained in judgmentB
Revelation 1723 allusions
17:1Jer 51:13She who dwells by many watersA
17:1Nah 3:4The city as harlot seducing nationsB
17:1Isa 23:16-17Tyre the forgotten harlot with kingdomsB
17:2Jer 51:7Nations made drunk on Babylon's wineA
17:2Isa 23:17Harlotry with all kingdoms of the earthB
17:3Dan 7:7Beast with ten hornsB
17:4Jer 4:30Dressed in scarlet, decked with gold ornamentsB
17:4Ezek 16:11-13Harlot adorned with gold, linen, jewelsB
17:4Jer 51:7Golden cup in her handA
17:5Jer 3:3A harlot's forehead, unashamedB
17:6Isa 49:26Drunk with bloodC
17:8Ps 69:28Names written/not written in the book of lifeB
17:8Dan 12:1Everyone found written in the book deliveredB
17:8Dan 7:3Beast ascending from the deep (disputed)C
17:12Dan 7:24Ten horns are ten kings who ariseA
17:14Deut 10:17God of gods and Lord of lordsB
17:14Dan 2:47God of gods and Lord of kingsB
17:15Isa 8:7Mighty waters as invading peoplesB
17:15Isa 17:12-13Many peoples roaring like the seasB
17:16Ezek 23:25-29Lovers deal in hatred, leave her naked, burn herA
17:16Ezek 16:37-41Nakedness exposed, houses burned with fireB
17:162 Kgs 9:36Jezebel's flesh devoured (disputed)C
17:18Isa 47:5Babylon, queen of kingdomsC
Revelation 1858 allusions
18:1Ezek 43:2The earth shone with His gloryA
18:2Isa 21:9Fallen, fallen is BabylonA
18:2Jer 51:8Suddenly Babylon has fallenB
18:2Isa 13:21-22Ruined Babylon haunted by desert creatures and owlsA
18:2Jer 50:39Desert creatures and jackals dwell thereB
18:2Jer 51:37Babylon a haunt of jackals, without inhabitantsB
18:2Isa 34:11-15Unclean birds occupy the desolationB
18:3Jer 51:7All nations drunk on her wineA
18:3Isa 23:17Harlot's wages from all kingdomsB
18:3Ezek 27:33Her wealth enriched the kings of earthA
18:4Jer 51:45Come forth from her midst, My peopleA
18:4Jer 51:6Flee Babylon, do not share her punishmentA
18:4Jer 50:8Go forth from the land of the ChaldeansB
18:4Isa 48:20Go forth from Babylon, fleeB
18:4Isa 52:11Depart, touch nothing uncleanB
18:5Jer 51:9Her judgment has reached to heavenA
18:5Ezra 9:6Guilt grown up to the heavensB
18:5Gen 11:4Babel's tower reaching heaven (disputed)C
18:6Jer 50:29Repay her according to her workA
18:6Jer 50:15As she has done, so do to herB
18:6Jer 51:24I will repay Babylon for evil done in ZionB
18:6Ps 137:8Repay her the recompense she paid usB
18:6Isa 40:2Received double from the LORD's handB
18:6Jer 16:18I will doubly repay their iniquityB
18:6Jer 51:7Mix double in the cup she mixedB
18:7Isa 47:7-8I sit a queen, I am no widowA
18:7Zeph 2:15Exultant city saying in her heart, I amB
18:7Ezek 28:2-5Heart lifted up by trade and splendorC
18:8Isa 47:9These things come in one dayA
18:8Isa 47:14Fire burns them, none can deliverB
18:8Jer 50:34Strong is the LORD who judges herA
18:8Isa 13:19Babylon overthrown as Sodom and GomorrahB
18:9Ezek 26:16-17Princes of the sea lament over the fallen cityB
18:9Gen 19:28Smoke of her burning ascendingB
18:10Ezek 27:31-32Onlookers wail and take up a lamentationB
18:10Isa 47:9Judgment falling in a single momentB
18:11Ezek 27:27-36Merchants mourn and hiss at her ruinA
18:12-13Ezek 27:12-24Catalogue of luxury cargoes and tradersA
18:13Ezek 27:13Trading in the persons of menA
18:14Amos 8:1-2Ripe fruit signaling the end (disputed)C
18:15Ezek 27:31Traders weeping bitterly at a distanceB
18:17Ezek 27:29All who handle the oar and pilots of the seaA
18:18Ezek 27:32Who is like this city?A
18:19Ezek 27:30They cast dust on their heads and cry bitterlyA
18:19Ezek 27:33Sea traders grew rich by her wealthA
18:20Jer 51:48Heaven shouts for joy over BabylonA
18:20Deut 32:43God avenges the blood of His servantsB
18:21Jer 51:63-64Stone thrown into water, Babylon sinks, rises no moreA
18:21Ezek 26:21Sought but never found againA
18:22Ezek 26:13Songs silenced, harps heard no moreA
18:22Jer 25:10Sound of the millstones taken awayA
18:23Jer 25:10Light of the lamp, voice of bridegroom and brideA
18:23Jer 7:34Voice of bridegroom and bride ceasesB
18:23Isa 23:8Her merchants were princes of the earthA
18:23Nah 3:4Nations deceived by her sorceriesA
18:23Isa 47:9,12Babylon's many sorceries and spellsA
18:24Jer 51:49In her the slain of all the earthA
18:24Ezek 24:7-8Bloodguilt found in her midstB
Revelation 1941 allusions
19:1Ps 104:35transliterated hallelujah, praise the LORDA
19:1Ps 3:8salvation belongs to the LORDB
19:11 Chr 29:11glory and power ascribed to GodC
19:2Ps 19:9His judgments are true and righteousA
19:2Deut 32:43He avenges the blood of His servantsA
19:22 Kgs 9:7blood of servants avenged on the harlot-queenA
19:2Nah 3:4the great harlot and her harlotriesB
19:2Jer 51:25destroying/corrupting the whole earthC
19:3Isa 34:10her smoke goes up foreverA
19:3Gen 19:28smoke of the land ascending after judgmentC
19:4Ps 106:48"Amen" followed by "Praise the LORD"B
19:5Ps 115:13those who fear Him, small and greatB
19:5Ps 134:1praise God, all you His bond-servantsB
19:6Ps 97:1the LORD God reigns (aorist ebasileusen)A
19:6Exod 15:18the LORD shall reign foreverC
19:6Ezek 1:24sound like the sound of many watersB
19:6Ezek 43:2voice like the sound of many watersB
19:7Isa 54:5-6the LORD as husband of His peopleB
19:7Isa 62:5bridegroom rejoicing over his brideB
19:7Hos 2:19betrothal of God to His peopleC
19:8Isa 61:10clothed with garments of righteousnessC
19:8Ezek 16:10bride wrapped in fine linen by GodC
19:9Isa 25:6eschatological banquet prepared by the LORDB
19:11Ezek 1:1the heavens opened for a visionC
19:11Isa 11:4judging in righteousnessB
19:11Isa 65:16God called faithful/true, "God of Amen" (disputed)C
19:12Dan 10:6eyes like flaming torches of fireB
19:13Isa 63:1-3garments stained red with bloodA
19:15Isa 49:2mouth made like a sharp swordA
19:15Isa 11:4striking the earth with the rod of His mouthB
19:15Ps 2:9rule/shepherd them with a rod of ironA
19:15Isa 63:3, 6treading the wine press in wrathA
19:15Joel 3:13tread, for the wine press is fullB
19:16Deut 10:17God of gods and Lord of lordsB
19:16Dan 2:47God of gods and Lord of kingsB
19:17Ezek 39:17birds summoned to God's sacrificial feastA
19:18Ezek 39:18-20eat flesh of mighty men, horses, captainsA
19:19Ps 2:2kings of the earth gather against the LORD's AnointedB
19:20Isa 30:33Topheth, a torrent of burning brimstoneB
19:20Dan 7:11beast slain, body given to the burning fireB
19:21Ezek 39:17-20birds gorged with the flesh of the slainA
Revelation 2030 allusions
20:1Isa 24:22shut up in the pit/prison and confinedB
20:2Gen 3:1, 14the serpent of old, the deceiverB
20:2Isa 27:1the LORD punishes the dragon/fleeing serpentB
20:3Isa 24:21-22confined, then punished after many daysB
20:4Dan 7:9thrones were set upA
20:4Dan 7:22judgment given in favor of the saintsA
20:5Dan 12:2resurrection distinguished by outcome (disputed)C
20:6Exod 19:6a kingdom of priests to GodB
20:6Isa 61:6you will be called the priests of the LORDB
20:8Ezek 38:2Gog of the land of MagogA
20:8Ezek 39:1Gog named again as the eschatological invaderA
20:8Gen 22:17number like the sand of the seashoreB
20:8Judg 7:12innumerable army, sand of the seashoreB
20:8Isa 11:12the four corners of the earthC
20:9Ezek 38:9, 16going up, covering the land like a cloudB
20:9Ezek 38:22fire and brimstone rained on Gog's hordeA
20:9Ezek 39:6fire sent upon MagogA
20:92 Kgs 1:10fire came down from heaven and consumed themB
20:9Ps 78:68Zion, the city God lovedC
20:11Dan 7:9white throne, Ancient of Days seated for judgmentB
20:11Dan 2:35"no place was found for them" (Theodotion)A
20:12Dan 7:10the books were openedA
20:12Dan 12:1everyone found written in the bookB
20:12Exod 32:32-33blotted out of God's written bookB
20:12Ps 69:28blotted out of the book of lifeB
20:12Ps 62:12recompense each man according to his workB
20:12Jer 17:10give to each according to his deedsB
20:13Dan 12:2those sleeping in the dust raised to judgmentB
20:14Isa 25:8death itself abolishedC
20:15Dan 12:1rescue limited to those written in the bookB
Revelation 2160 allusions
21:1Isa 65:17new heavens and a new earthA
21:1Isa 66:22the new heavens and new earth I makeA
21:1Isa 51:6old heavens and earth wear out and vanishC
21:1Dan 7:2-3sea as the source of the beasts, now gone (disputed)C
21:2Isa 52:1Jerusalem, the holy cityB
21:2Isa 61:10bride adorned with her jewelsA
21:2Isa 49:18put on your children as a bride's ornamentsB
21:3Ezek 37:27My dwelling will be with them, My peopleA
21:3Lev 26:11-12I will make My dwelling among youA
21:3Jer 31:33I will be their God, they My peopleB
21:3Zech 2:10-11I will dwell in your midst, many nations My peopleB
21:3Ezek 48:35the city's name, "The LORD is there"B
21:4Isa 25:8He swallows up death, wipes tears from all facesA
21:4Isa 65:19no more voice of weeping or crying in herA
21:4Isa 35:10sorrow and sighing flee awayC
21:4Isa 43:18the former things are not rememberedB
21:5Isa 43:19behold, I am doing something newB
21:5Isa 65:17God creates new, former things passB
21:5Dan 2:45these words are true and trustworthy (disputed)C
21:6Isa 55:1the thirsty come to the waters without costA
21:6Isa 44:6I am the first and I am the lastA
21:6Isa 48:12I am the first, I am also the lastA
21:72 Sam 7:14I will be his God, he will be My sonA
21:7Ps 89:26-27Davidic son crying "You are my Father"B
21:8Gen 19:24brimstone and fire as final judgmentC
21:9Isa 62:4-5Zion as the married bride of GodB
21:10Ezek 40:2set on a very high mountain, a structure like a cityA
21:10Ezek 8:3Spirit carried the prophet in visions of GodB
21:11Isa 60:1-2the glory of the LORD risen upon herA
21:11Ezek 43:2-5glory of God filling the house, earth shiningA
21:11Ezek 28:13brilliance of covering precious stonesC
21:12Ezek 48:31-34twelve gates named for the twelve tribesA
21:12Isa 60:18walls and gates given honorific namesC
21:12Isa 62:6watchmen stationed on Jerusalem's walls (disputed)C
21:13Ezek 48:31-34three gates on each of the four sidesA
21:14Isa 54:11foundations of the city laid with jewelsC
21:15Ezek 40:3, 5angelic figure with a measuring rodA
21:15Zech 2:1-2measuring line to measure Jerusalem's length and widthA
21:16Ezek 45:2the holy place a square, equal sidesB
21:16Ezek 48:20the whole holy allotment a squareB
21:16Ezek 48:16city measured equally on all four sidesB
21:161 Kgs 6:20inner sanctuary a perfect cubeB
21:17Ezek 40:5wall measured by a stated cubit standardB
21:181 Kgs 6:20-21sanctuary overlaid with pure goldC
21:19Isa 54:11-12foundations laid in sapphires, walls of precious stonesA
21:19Exod 28:17-20twelve stones of the high priest's breastpieceA
21:20Ezek 28:13catalogue of precious stones as coveringB
21:21Isa 54:12gates made of jewels/crystalB
21:22Ezek 40-44temple vision inverted, no sanctuary needed (disputed)C
21:22Jer 3:16-17no ark; Jerusalem itself the throne of the LORDC
21:23Isa 60:19-20no need of sun or moon, the LORD everlasting lightA
21:24Isa 60:3nations to your light, kings to your brightnessA
21:24Ps 72:10-11kings bringing tribute and bowing downC
21:24Isa 2:2-3nations streaming to ZionC
21:25Isa 60:11gates open continually, never shut day or nightA
21:26Isa 60:5wealth and glory of the nations brought inA
21:27Isa 52:1the unclean shall no longer enter youA
21:27Ezek 44:9no uncircumcised foreigner enters the sanctuaryA
21:27Isa 35:8highway on which the unclean will not travelC
21:27Dan 12:1only those written in the book admittedB
Revelation 2237 allusions
22:1Ezek 47:1water flowing out from under the sanctuaryA
22:1Zech 14:8living waters flowing out of JerusalemA
22:1Gen 2:10a river flowing out to water the gardenB
22:1Ps 46:4a river gladdening the city of GodC
22:1Joel 3:18a spring going out from the house of the LORDC
22:2Ezek 47:7trees on both banks of the riverA
22:2Ezek 47:12fruit every month, leaves for healingA
22:2Gen 2:9the tree of life in the midst of the gardenA
22:3Zech 14:11there will no longer be a curseA
22:3Gen 3:17the curse laid on the ground reversedB
22:3Ezek 43:7place of God's throne, dwelling foreverB
22:4Ps 17:15I shall behold Your faceB
22:4Exod 28:36-38God's name engraved on the priest's foreheadB
22:4Ps 11:7the upright will behold His faceC
22:4Exod 33:20no man may see God's face, now reversed (disputed)C
22:5Isa 60:19-20no lamp or sun, the LORD everlasting lightA
22:5Zech 14:7a day neither day nor night, light at eveningB
22:5Dan 7:18, 27the saints possess the kingdom foreverA
22:6Dan 2:28-29God reveals what must take placeB
22:6Num 27:16God of the spirits of all fleshC
22:10Dan 12:4, 9seal up the book until the end (inverted)A
22:11Dan 12:10the wicked act wickedly, the wise understandB
22:11Ezek 3:27let him who hears hear, him who refuses refuseC
22:12Isa 40:10behold, His reward is with HimA
22:12Isa 62:11His reward is with Him, recompense before HimA
22:12Prov 24:12render to each according to his workB
22:13Isa 44:6I am the first and the lastA
22:13Isa 48:12I am He, the first and the lastA
22:13Isa 41:4I the LORD am the first and with the lastB
22:14Gen 3:22, 24access to the tree of life restoredA
22:15Deut 23:18the wages of a dog barred from God's house (disputed)C
22:16Isa 11:1, 10the root of Jesse, shoot from his stemA
22:16Num 24:17a star shall come forth from JacobB
22:17Isa 55:1let the thirsty come and take without costA
22:18Deut 4:2do not add to the word I command youA
22:19Deut 12:32you shall not add to nor take away from itA
22:19Deut 29:20curses of the book; his name blotted outB